6. Select

6.1. Synopsis

SELECT { <expression> | * } [, ... ]

  FROM { <table_name> | <find_expression> } [, ... ]

  [ <asof_type> ASOF JOIN <table_name> ]

  [ ASOF JOIN <range_generator> ]

  [ IN { RANGE <range_spec> | '[' RANGE <range_spec> [, ...] ']' }
    [ WITH MONTHS IN ( <month>, <month> ) ]
    [ WITH DAYS IN ( <day>, <day> ) ]
    [ WITH TIME IN ( <time>, <time> ) ] ]

  [ WHERE <condition> ]

  [ GROUP BY <group> [, ... ] ]

  [ HAVING <condition> ]

  [ ORDER BY { <expression> [ { ASC | DESC } ] } [, ... ] ]

  [ LIMIT <limit> ]

  [ OFFSET <offset> ]

asof_type ::= FULL | LEFT | RIGHT

expression ::=
  <column_name>
  | <function> ( <column_name> )

range_spec ::=
  ( <timestamp>, <timestamp> )
  ( <timestamp>, <time_offset> )

range_generator ::=
  ( <timestamp>, <timestamp>, <time_offset> )
  ( <timestamp>, <time_offset>, <time_offset> )

group ::=
  <expression>
  | <duration>

find_expression ::=
  FIND ( { <tag_expression> | NOT <tag_expression> } [ AND ... ] )

tag_expression ::=
  TAG = 'tag_name'

6.2. Description

SELECT retrieves rows from one or more tables. A SELECT statement can perform calculations on rows prior to returning the result which are performed server-side and distributed over the entire cluster.

6.3. Parameters

table_name

The name of the table to retrieve rows from.

find_expression

When your tables are tagged, you can use inline key/value lookups to perform your query over multiple tables. To match all tables that have the tag “stocks”, you can use FIND(tag='stocks' AND type=ts).

asof_type

The type of ASOF JOIN to perform, it can be FULL, LEFT, or RIGHT.

column_name

A column name to read data from. Must be part of the table’s schema or will throw an error otherwise.

function

An aggregate function to apply over. Can only be used in combination with GROUP BY. For valid functions, please refer to the function reference.

condition

A WHERE or HAVING condition is any expression that evaluates to a boolean. Any row that does not match this predicate will be filtered from the results. For an overview of valid operators, please refer to the comparison operators reference. The WHERE condition is applied before the SELECT, whereas the HAVING condition is applied on the SELECT results.

range_generator

An expression to generate range intervals.

limit

Accepts a non-negative integer to limit the maximum number of rows returned by the query. Typical use cases include pagination and returning the top-X results.

offset

Accepts a non-negative integer to skip rows of the result. Most common use cases include pagination in combination with limit.

timestamp

An absolute timestamp. This can be either a date or a date + time. Supports precision for days, seconds or nanoseconds. For more information, please refer to the documentation for timestamps.

time_offset

A relative offset, can only be used in combination with an absolute_timestamp. For more information, please refer to the documentation for timestamps.

month

A month. Can be one of jan, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov or dec. When defining a subrange using WITH MONTHS IN, is both left and right inclusive: WITH MONTHS IN (jan, apr) will match January to April.

day

A weekday. Can be one of sun, mon, tue, wed, thu, fri or sat. When defining a subrange using WITH DAYS IN, is both left and right inclusive: WITH DAYS IN (mon, wed) will match Monday to Wednesday.

time

Time of day, having a precision of either minutes, seconds or nanoseconds. When defining a subrange using WITH TIME IN, is left inclusive and right exclusive: WITH TIME IN (09:22:00, 09:22:01) will not match a row whose time is exactly 09:22:01 AM.

duration

A time duration to group aggregates by. Valid values are any durations as specified in the documentation for durations.

6.4. Examples

Select all columns from all rows:

SELECT * FROM example

Note

The examples below assume typical open, high, low, close, volume stocks time series.

Get everything between January 1st 2007 and January 1st 2008 (left inclusive) for the time series “stocks.apple”:

SELECT * FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2007, 2008)

Get everything between November 3rd 2017, 20:01:22 and December 2nd, 2017, 06:20:10 (left inclusive) for the time series “stocks.apple”:

SELECT * FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2017-11-03T20:01:22, 2017-12-02T06:20:10)

Get the first 10 days of 2007 for “stocks.apple”:

SELECT * FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2007, +10d)

Get the last second of 2016 for “stocks.apple”:

SELECT * FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2017, -1s)

Get the close and open values that are greater than 3 of “stocks.apple” for the first 10 days of 2016:

SELECT close, open FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2016, +10d) WHERE (close > 3) AND (open > 3)

Get the last close value for March 28th 2016:

SELECT LAST(close) FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2016-03-28, +1d)

6.5. Advanced examples

Note

The examples below assume typical open, high, low, close, volume stocks time series.

Get the open and close value when volume is greater than 0 for the first 5 days of 2016 and 2017 for “stocks.apple”:

SELECT open, close FROM stocks.apple IN [range(2016, +5d), range(2017, +5d)] WHERE volume > 0

Get the hourly arithmetic mean of volume exchanged for all nasdaq stocks for yesterday:

SELECT arithmetic_mean(volume) FROM find(tag='nasdaq' AND type=ts) IN RANGE(yesterday, +1d) GROUP BY hour

Get the sum of volumes for every Friday of January 2008 between 16:00 and 17:00 for “stocks.apple”:

SELECT sum(volume) FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(2008, +month) WITH DAYS IN (fri, fri) WITH TIME IN (16:00, 17:00)

Get the daily open, high, low, close, volume for “stocks.apple” for the last 30 days:

SELECT first(open), max(high), min(low), last(close), sum(volume) FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(today, -30d) GROUP BY day

Get the sum of volume and the number of lines for the last hour by 10 seconds group:

SELECT sum(volume), count(volume) FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(now, -1h) GROUP BY 10s

Get the sum of volumes for “stocks.apple” the year 2008 and 2010, grouped by month (gregorian calendar):

SELECT sum(volume) FROM stocks.apple IN [RANGE(2008, +1y), RANGE(2010, +1y)] GROUP BY month

If we assume we have an additional ‘deal_timestamp’ column on our timeseries, we apply a filter on it:

SELECT sum(volume) FROM stocks.apple IN RANGE(now, -1h) WHERE deal_timestamp=datetime(2009-11-23T09:30)

6.6. ASOF joins

An ASOF joins two tables based on their timestamps. ASOF joins use the last value for the merge, based in the range of the query. If values exist before the range of the select, they will be ignored.

Currently ASOF joins only support exactly one left table and one right table. The table on the left may be the result of a find, if this find yield a single result.

There are four types of ASOF joins:

• Left: The left table will be used as a reference. The timestamps for the right table will be using the last value for each timestamps of all columns of the left table.

• Right: The right table will be used as a reference. The timestamps for the left table will be using the last value for each timestamps of all columns of the right table.

• Full: Both table will be used as references.

• Range: Joins the table on the left against a generated range.

6.6.1. Examples

Assuming these tables

table_left

Timestamp	Pressure
2019-11-23T13:02:01	100
2019-11-23T13:03:03	110
2019-11-23T13:03:59	105
2019-11-23T13:05:00	115

table_right

Timestamp	Temperature
2019-11-23T13:01:58	56
2019-11-23T13:03:03	59
2019-11-23T13:04:02	58
2019-11-23T13:05:02	56
2019-11-23T13:05:22	57

Here are the results for the three possible ASOF joins:

SELECT $timestamp, pressure, temperature FROM table_left LEFT ASOF JOIN table_right;

Timestamp	Pressure	Temperature
2019-11-23T13:02:01	100	56
2019-11-23T13:03:03	110	59
2019-11-23T13:03:59	105	59
2019-11-23T13:05:00	115	58

SELECT $timestamp, pressure, temperature FROM table_left RIGHT ASOF JOIN table_right;

Timestamp	Pressure	Temperature
2019-11-23T13:01:58	(void)	56
2019-11-23T13:03:03	110	59
2019-11-23T13:04:02	105	58
2019-11-23T13:05:02	115	56
2019-11-23T13:05:22	115	57

SELECT $timestamp, pressure, temperature FROM table_left FULL ASOF JOIN table_right;

Timestamp	Pressure	Temperature
2019-11-23T13:01:58	(void)	56
2019-11-23T13:02:01	100	56
2019-11-23T13:03:03	110	59
2019-11-23T13:03:59	105	59
2019-11-23T13:04:02	105	58
2019-11-23T13:05:00	115	58
2019-11-23T13:05:02	115	56
2019-11-23T13:05:22	115	57

SELECT $timestamp, pressure FROM table_left ASOF JOIN RANGE(2019-11-23T13:02:00, +5min, +1min);

Timestamp	Pressure
2019-11-23T13:02:00	(void)
2019-11-23T13:03:00	100
2019-11-23T13:04:00	105
2019-11-23T13:05:00	115
2019-11-23T13:06:00	115

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